Types of Thyroid Surgery

Types of Thyroid Surgery

There are three main types of thyroid surgery:

• Total Thyroidectomy -- Complete Removal of the Thyroid 
  This is the most common type of thyroid surgery, and is often used for thyroid cancer, and in particular, aggressive cancers, such as medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer. It is also used for goiter and Graves'/hyperthyroidism treatment.
• Subtotal/Partial Thyroidectomy -- Removal of Half of the Thyroid Gland 
  For this operation, cancer must be small and non-aggressive -- follicular or papillary -- and contained to one side of the gland. When a subtotal or partial thyroidectomy is performed, typically, surgeons perform a bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy which leaves from 1 to 5 grams on each side/lobe of the thyroid. A Harley Dunhill procedure is also popular, in which there's a total lobectomy on one side, and a subtotal on the other, leaving 4 to 5 grams of thyroid tissue remaining.
• Thyroid Lobectomy -- Removal of Only About a Quarter of the Gland 
  This is less commonly used for thyroid cancer, as the cancerous cells must be small and non-aggressive.

The issue of a subtotal/partial, vs. total thyroidectomy is controversial. Some practitioners prefer to perform a partial thyroidectomy whenever possible, believing that they will leave behind enough thyroid tissue to prevent hypothyroidism. (A total thyroidectomy has nearly a 100 percent chance of causing hypothyroidism). The risk of hypothyroidism with subtotal thyroidectomy is, however, quite high, and some experts say that more than 70 percent of patients receiving a subtotal thyroidectomy will become hypothyroid. Since one of the main reasons for subtotal thyroidectomy is to prevent hypothyroidism, and that goal is achieved in only a minority of cases, experts increasingly believe that there is no added benefit to subtotal thyroidectomy, and are more routinely recommending a total thyroidectomy.